The book constitutes a compact review of the applications of effective field theory methods in flavour physics, with emphasis on heavy quark physics. Some of the relevant applications are discussed to illustrate the method.

The extraordinary growth and development of atmospheric sciences during the last dec­ ades, and the concern for certain applied problems, such as those related to the environ­ ment, have prompted the introduction of college and university courses in this field. There is consequently a need for good textbooks. A few appropriate books have appeared in the last few years, aimed at a variety of levels and having different orientations. Most of them are of rather limited scope; in par­ ticular, a number of them are restricted to the field of dynamics and its meteorological applications. There is still a need for an elementary, yet comprehensive, survey of the terrestrial atmosphere. This short volume attempts to fill that need. This book is intended as a textbook that can be used for a university course at a second or third year level. It requires only elementary mathematics and such knowledge of physics as should be acquired in most first-year general physicS courses. It may serve in two ways. A general review of the field is provided for students who work or plan to work in other fields (such as geophysics, geography, environmental sciences, space research), but are interested in acquiring general information; at the same time, it may serve as a general and elementary introduction for students who will later specialize in some area of atmospheric science.

The "Dictionary of Physics" is a major reference source in the vast and dynamic field of physics that caters for both the undergraduate and graduate student. Spanning the space between the primary literature and educational texts, it encompasses 16,000 entries and 1.8 million words in four volumes.

* At the present stage of development of surface science, there has seemed to be a need for a book-length review spanning the disciplines of surface physics and surface chemistry-a review to summarize and show the con­ nection between the observations from each discipline. The various results and theories, derived on the one hand from studies of the physical, electronic, and optical properties of surfaces and on the other hand from studies of the chemical activity of surfaces, supplement each other in the search for a realistic model of the surface. The improved understanding possible with such an interdisciplinary approach has been confirmed by recent develop­ ments which cannot be classified as either surface chemistry or surface physics. Specifically, recent new experimental techniques and quantum mechanical models have provided a much more accurate picture of the nature of the electronic energy levels (bonding orbitals) present at a solid surface. With this more accurate picture we are now able to reconcile the various chemical and physical models that appeared in the early literature on surfaces. The objective of this work has therefore been to describe the results and current models of surface science spanning a broad gray area between surface physics and surface chemistry with some overlap into each of these disciplines. Relevant aspects of surface chemistry are discussed; we cover chemical interactions where bonding and electronic properties dominate, but stop short of specialized topics such as surfactants or liquid/liquid interfaces.

In the interest of speed and economy the notation of the original text has been retained so that the cross product of two vectors A and B is denoted by [AB], the dot product by (AB) , the Laplacian operator by . 6" etc. It might also be worth pointing out that the temperature is frequently expressed in energy units in the Soviet literature so that the Boltzmann constant will be missing in various familiar expressions. In matters of terminology, whenever possible several forms are used when a term is first introduced, e. g. , magnetoacoustic and magnetosonic waves, "probkotron" and mirror machine, etc. It is hoped in this way to help the reader to relate the terms used here with those in exist­ ing translations and with the conventional nomenclature. In general, in the bibliographies, when a translated version of a given citation is available, only the English translation is cited, unless reference is made to a specific portion of the Russian version. Except for the correction of some obvious misprints the text is that of the original. We wish to express our gratitude to Academician Leontovich for kindly providing the latest corrections and additions to the Russian text, and especially for some new material, which appears for the first time in the American edition. v CONTENTS Chapter 1 PLASMA CONFINEMENT IN CLOSED MAGNETIC SYSTEMS L. S. Solov'ev and V. D. Shafranov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 § 1. Introduction. . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 1 § 2. General Properties of Toroidal Configurations. . . . . . . . . . . .

In this amazing tour d'horizon, D. Allan Bromley uses the occasion of the centenary of the American Physical Society to reflect upon the growth of physics over the past 100 years, its fragmentation into numerous subdisciplines, the impact physics has had upon modern technology, and the re-emergence of the fundamental unity of the discipline in recent years. Hundreds of historical illustrations accompany the text. Bromley conveys much of the excitement and wonder that research in physics generated in the 20th century and asks what new things are in store in the next century. He covers such topics as relativity and quantum mechanics, the Manhattan project, superconductivity, transistors and the revolution brought about by solid-state electronics, protein folding, the uses of nuclear and atomic physics in biology and medicine, plate tectonics, the expansion of the universe and the Big Bang, and gravitational radiation. Bromley, the Sterling Professor of the Sciences and Dean of Yale University, served as Assistant to the President for Science and Technology Policy 1989-1993 and was president of the American Physical Society in 1997. One of the World's leading nuclear scientists, he was founder and director of Yale's nuclear structure laboratory and has received numerous medals and awards, including the National Medal of Science.

The investigation of the physical properties of matter has progressed so much during the last hundred years that today physics is divided into a large group of special branches, which are often very distant from each other. These branches arise because of the vast extent of the science itself, and are distinguished by the particular area studied, the method of investigation and so on. An independent and important branch that has developed recently is the physics of thin films. This deals with systems which have only one common property, namely, that one of their dimensions is very small, though all other physical properties of such systems may be different, as well as methods of investigating them. Usually, we investigate the physical characteristics of three-dimensional bodies. Their characteristic prop::!rties are often related to a unit volume, i.e. it is assumed that they are volume-independent. This assumption is legitimate as long as the dimensions are 'normal', i.e. more or less within macroscopic limits; but as soon as one dimension becomes so small that there is a considerable increase in a surface-to-volume ratio, that assumption is no longer valid.